Ali ibn Abi Talib was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE until his assassination in 661, as well as the first Shia Imam. He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, Ali was raised in the household of his cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings.
[Translation.] Sublime Porte, Bureau of Foreign Affairs, April 2, 1865. Sir: The Sublime Porte has just been informed that certain foreign missionaries are seeking to assemble the members of the…
[Translation.] Ali Pacha to Mr. Morris Sublime Porte, Department of Foreign Affairs, May 1, 1865. Sir: The Sultan, my august sovereign, has learned with profound affliction the mournful news of…
[Translation.] His Highness Ali Pacha, minister of foreign affairs, to his excellency M. Musurus, ambassador of his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, at London. Sublime Porte, November 30, 1865. Mr. Ambassador:…